8th Annual Bike Tour in Bronzeville

Our 2024 tour began at 35th & State, which was labeled the “Vortex of Violence” the Chicago Defender, because it was the epicenter of the violence that engulfed Chicago for a week in the “Red Summer.” The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 remains the bloodiest episode of racial violence in the city’s history. 38 people were killed, 537 were injured, and more than a thousand left homeless in nearly a week of mass violence across large parts of the city.

Jesse Binga was Chicago’s first Black banker and an icon of Black entrepreneurship in the 1910s and 20s. Located on the west side of State Street at 35th Street, Binga’s Bank provided a welcome alternative to the large white-owned banks and the predatory lenders who exploited African Americans seeking to purchase homes and establish businesses. Binga’s success made him a frequent target of white racist violence, and both his personal home and business were bombed before, during, and after 1919. Here, we tell the story of the rise and fall of Jesse Binga, the Arcade Building he built, and the “State Street Stroll,” at the heart of the Black commercial and entertainment district.

Our next stop is Armour Square Park, on the eastern edge of Bridgeport. Just to the east of the park is Wentworth Ave. which historically served as an unofficial dividing line between all-white Bridgeport and the Black community of the “Black Belt” (now called Bronzeville). Philip D. Armour, the wealthy head of a meatpacking corporation, donated the land for this park in 1906. Since then, the park has been a flashpoint in the city’s history of racial violence and segregation. Using Armour Square Park, we will discuss how the unofficial but very real racial borders of our city have been enforced, including by the white ethnic so-called “Athletic Clubs” and, later, by infrastructure such as the Dan Dyan Expressway completed by Mayor Richard J. Daley in 1962; Daley himself was a member of the Hamburg Athletic Club which was a key instigator of the violence in 1919.

As far back as the 1860s, Chicago was the capital of US meat production and remained so into the 1950s. The heart of the country’s meatpacking industry was in Canaryville, a part of Bridgeport. In the WWI era, as many as 100,000 people worked in the yards and they hailed from a great many different ethnic communities. Although the work was dangerous, hard, and poorly-paying, generations of European immigrants found jobs in the yards. Notoriously, (white) employers refused to hire Black workers except sometimes to break strikes. However, WWI created to an unprecedented, huge labor shortage, resulting in employers started hiring Black men and women for jobs in the stockyards which became the largest source of employment for Black Chicagoans.

Our next stop is the Roberts Temple Church of God in Christ. This historic building is the first Chicago sanctuary of this Pentecostal denomination with roots in early 20th century Memphis. Here we will explore the history of this important religious and cultural institution of Black Chicago, including the electrifying performances of congregant Sister Rosetta Tharpe (“godmother of rock n’ roll”) and Mamie Till’s bold decision to hold an open casket memorial service for her 14-year-old son, Emmett, who had been brutally murdered while visiting family in Mississippi in 1955.

Our next stop is the historic Wabash Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) building, which served as a major social and education center for the Black Metropolis, Chicago’s “city within a city.” Constructed in 1913 with funds from Julius Rosenwald, the CEO of Sears, Roebuck, the Wabash Avenue Y provided a space for Black Chicagoans to rest, exercise, learn, socialize, and organize. During the riots in 1919, Black stockyard workers were paid there so they could avoid traveling through hostile white territory in Bridgeport and Canaryville, until the situation cooled down. In the 1920s, historian Carter G. Woodson developed what became Black History Month there. The legendary bicycle champion Major Taylor lived at the Wabash Y in his final years. (Photo by Jun Fujita, 1919)

Our next stop is the “Light of Truth Ida B. Wells National Monument,” crafted by legendary Chicago artist Richard Hunt and dedicated to the memory of the great anti-lynching activist, Ida B. Wells-Barnett. We will tell the story of her pioneering efforts to document and critique systemic anti-Black violence in Memphis, Chicago and across the U.S., including during the Chicago riots of 1919. We will also discuss the construction and eventual demolition of the Ida B. Wells homes in this part of Bronzeville as well as the efforts to commemorate Wells’ legacy in present day Chicago.

Our tour will conclude at “victory,” that is the Bronzeville Victory Monument at 35th and Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive. This monument was constructed to honor the 8th regiment of the Illinois National Guard, an all-Black Army unit renamed the 370^th Infantry during World War I. Following this stop, we’ll return to our starting point in the IIT parking lot next to the CTA Green Line station, 35th and State streets.